To deal with unexpected teacher absence the Pewaukee School District (PSD), a US school district and winner of the 2013 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award, implemented an online substitute service to provide daily and long term substitutes for teachers and para-professionals, its largest staffing groups. PSD closely monitored the service to ensure substitute teachers were in place in each classroom when needed. Against a substitute fill rate goal of 100%, PSD achieved 98.2% in 2009/2010, 9...